n`ΰEOΚEΤΑΆE€Wβ
όKκ`ΰEOΚEΤΑ纹E€α³壶
Jar with cover decorated with
flower design in gold and susancai enamels on black ground
NγF΄©@Nΰι
Qing dynasty, Kangxi
period, AD 1662-1722
³@83.0cm@~@Εεa@44.0cm
@@@@@@ΕεΌa
Height 83.0cm; maximum diameter 44.0cm
Fν`ΜΚ^ΝββΞί©ηBΑΔ’ι½ίA·©ηκΙ©―Δ΅iθάκΔ’ιζ€Ι©¦ιB
Fφ为ν¨IΖΠ摄I时σβcL倾ΞCφν¨Iλ±ͺκΕNδ实¨βcχ变¬Ήκ±B
Note: Since the picture is taken from an angle, it appears that the porcelain
is narrowed down a bit from the body to the bottom.
ͺEq
头E狮q
Head: Lion
@ςV}o
ςV图经
The Fengtian Illustrated Text
@
[ςV}oΙ©κΔ’ιΰΎΆ]@@@@@@@ ΚέsςV图经tγI说ΎΆ
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这έόKκΆ¨₯Ε级I
mνifABκ_VJiqBΌjiqfAtB όL这κ’BεTΔηvL别IΉB
°X^@ΗqmB
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βWt
@@@@@@@ L壶α³
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[Description in the Fengtian Illustrated Text]
This is the best
grade piece of black-glazed porcelains. There are no other similar porcelains
like this one here and, probably, anywhere else. A magnificent piece it is.
A jar with lid.
Decorated gilt on
black-glazed ground.
With Western
flowers painted in red, green and other colors.
Kangxi period.
Qing dynasty.
y΄©ϊΜΌΌz
y΄©ϊIΌΌz
yReign mark of the
Qing dynastyz
Nκ€NΤ
Kangxi Period (AD 1662-1722)
1673NiNΰ12Nj@OΛΜͺN±θAδν±ͺσΕ³κιBΰͺάΎΐθ΅Δ’Θ
’B
φ为LΉOΛVCδνΚην毁ΉBΰsΐθB
1673
(12th year of the Kangxi reign)
The
Revolt of the Three Feudatories occurred and the imperial porcelain kilns were destroyed.
Domestic politics in China was unstable yet.
1677NiNΰ16Nj
Wί@£ΔΜcΙζθNΌiεΙν¨ΜκΙυtΘΗΕ
©κ½NγΑjπ±ΖπΦΆιBi1991N§@W@]_wο@ϊ{κΕ@©₯ΚjFΕ374j
ͺ县ί张齐I议Φ~书ΚNΌiεv₯έν¨Iκυ
ΚγINγ铭jB(1991N§Cαι_盐wοε编Cϊ语ΕC©αIΚjCζ374页)
1677 (16th year of the Kangxi reign)
At
the proposal of the Local Governor Zhang Qizhong, it was prohibited to paint the reign
mark which was painted mainly on the base of porcelain by means of underglazing
cobalt blue or other method. (at p.374, Chinese Ceramic History,
Japanese-edition, edited by the Chinese Ceramic Society and published in 1991)
1680NiNΰ19Nj@9AδνΜΔ’ͺ½ί³κιBiδν±ΜJέj
9CΊί开n烧§δνiδνΚ开设jB
1680 (19th year of the Kangxi reign)
In September, it
was ordered to resume the manufacture of porcelains for the imperial court.@iThe imperial
porcelain kilns were re-established.j
1703NiNΰ44Nj@YμΙͺΒ’΅½YqͺιΏΜgηΦπΔ»΅]»ΖΘιBΌΙΰ
ΰιΏΒΤΕΰΝνΙ¬χ·ιBYqΙΝΌΌΝ³’BNΌΦ
~ίͺ’Ύπ³κΔ’Θ’B
έYμ极IΒ’ΊY窑Δ现ΉιϊΊN间I红ηΦC备σD评B另
OCιϊΊIΒΤη仿§¬χBY窑vLΌΌBNΌΦ~I½ί
‘’ΎπB
1703
(44th year of the Kangxi reign)
The
imperial porcelain kilns supervised by Lang Tingchi succeeded in reproducing the
red-glazed porcelains that had been made in the Xuande period (1426-1435),
which created a sensation in China.
In addition, the Lan-ware kilns also succeeded
in reproducing the blue-glazed porcelains made in the Xuande period. There were
no reign marks on the porcelains fired at the Lan-ware
kilns. The order to ban to carry imperial
reign marks on porcelains was not yet lifted.
1713NiNΰ52Nj@Nΰι60ΞΜaΆϊπLO΅ΔάΚΚχΉΆΥiε΄NΰN»
ΑjβάΚ@r
ΧΆΥiε΄NΰN»ΑjΘΗͺΔ¬³κιB
±Μ ©ηNΌπόκι±Ζͺ³κιζ€ΙΘΑ½BΰιΰεΚΘΗΜμͺ»μ³κ½B
为Ή纪ONκ€ι60岁υC§烧§IάΚΚ树鸟纹盘iε΄Nκ€
N间§铭jaάΚ莲r
Χ纹盘iε΄Nκ€N间§铭jV类B
έ这’时σί经ΒΘΑόNΌΉB还§μΉ珐ΰδΚ^μB
1713 (52nd year of the Kangxi reign)
In cerebration of
60-year birthday of the Kangxi emperor, Dish,
known as gBirthday plateh, Decorated with Bird and Fruit Tree Design in Famille Verte Enamels (with
the Kangxi reign mark and period), Dish Decorated
with Waterfowls in a Lotus Pond Design in Famille Verte Enamels and Underglaze Blue (with the Kangxi reign
mark and period) and other wares were fired at the imperial kilns. From around these
days, imperial reign marks began to be permitted to write and masterpieces of falangcai (珐ΰδΚ) vessels as well
as other types of porcelains were also manufactured.
θ΄³NΤ
NΌLΌΙΒ’ΔΝAθ΄³Μδν±ΕΰAίΝΌΑπp’ι±ΖπΦΆ½iΑ‘γ
Yw΄F©νε«TxΕ985jB
θ΄³N间
关°NΌ记ΌϋΚCέκ开nI时σCθ΄³IδνΚη₯Φ~gpΌ铭IBiΑ‘
γY΄F©νε«TC985页jB
Yongzheng Period (AD 1723-1735)
Regarding
imperial reign marks, at the imperial kilns of the Yongzheng emperor, it was
also forbidden to use them in the beginning of his rule.@iat p.985,Colored
Ceramic Dictionary, written by Tohkuro Katoj
£²NΤ
wςV€γSxiiΤQQVjΜwnEfOΚEΤΉΆE€WβxΝAg£²h
ΖΎL³κΔ’ι
ͺAβΜΐσΝ³ΌΕ ιB
£²N间
έςV图经’Κ记载IgόKnEfOΚEΤ鸟纹E€α³壶h虽RΎ记
g£²hCAη
ΩΌIB
Qianlong Period(AD 1736-1795)
The ware gJar with Cover Decorated with Flower Design in
Gold and Susancai Enamels on Black Groundh described
in the Fengtian Illustrated Text says clearly that it was made in the gQianlongh
period; however, it does not carry imperial reign mark and period with it.
³ΌΜRΝANΰΜϊΙΒ’ΔΝAΰΜsΐΖΎγ©ηβιiΏΑΜ
s΅½΅K(©₯νπ·ιΫΜsΙζθNΌπL΅Ae»’ΘΗ)ΙζιΰΜΖΜΰΰiΏΑΜ
sΎ―ΜRΖΝfθoΘ’Bθ΄³A£²ΜϊΝcιΜπγϊΙζι¬ΙζιΰΜΘΗͺ’νκιͺAθ©ΕΝΘ’B
ΐΝAςVΙ齡Ē½ΰΜΙ½A³ΌΜΰΜͺΆέ·ι±ΖΕ ιB
ΩΌIR₯CLκ种说@₯Nκ€ϊ时Cφ为ΰsΐΘyΎγϊ开nIi
ϊΊ镇
败i为Ή买卖ϋΦ§ΣNΌCe§滥’jBA₯Έ颁zNΌΦ~ίI1677
N开nν认为πΦ~ίI1713NΆE为~I36N间ΕC₯Ω@fθ仅仅₯φ
为iϊΊ镇
败这’RIB°θ΄³A£²ϊφ为cιπΦ§产Ά¬这κ说@η
vLθ论B
实γCεU½έςVI东ΌCk½s₯vL铭ΌIB
It
is said that the reason why it has no imperial reign mark and period is due to
the political turmoil in China at that time and such corrupted habits at the Jingdezhen
kilns as inscribing imperial reign marks discretionally for the conveniences of
trades of porcelains, or overproduction of inferior goods and so forth. However, it cannot conclude that the
corruption at the Jingdezhen kilns is the only reason for the lack of reign
mark because there was 36-year period from 1677, when the ban of the imperial reign
marks began, to 1713 when the order is believed to have been abolished. It is also said that in the early period
of Yongzheng and Qianlong emperors
there were political disorders caused by the change of the emperors which
explains the reason for no reign mark on the jar vessel. Although it is uncertain what the real
reason for no reign mark was, the reality is that many of wares having no reign
marks were found from the ceramics secretly hidden in Fengtian.
y{iΜπΰz
{iΝδν±ͺJέ³κ½1680NiNΰ19NjϊΜΰΜΖl¦ηκιB1681NiN
ΰ20NjOΛΜͺϋ©³κΔΰΰΏ
«nίANκ€ιΝΌmΆ»ΜζθόκΙMSΖΘΑ½BΌmΆ»πDρΎΜΝAΎ©ΜΏlΆ»πΈΡΘͺηΰ΄©Ζ©ΜΆ»π¬z΅ζ€Ζ·ιΆ»τΜκΚΕΰ ιB
y{iIπ说z
{iν认为₯δνΚ开设ϊI1680NiNκ€19NjIμiB1681NiNΰ20
NjOΛVν镇压Cΰη开n步ό³轨CNκ€ι开n热S°ψ进ΌmΆ»BV
Θμ欢ΌmΆ»ηLέΈd汉°Ά»I―时ι扬΄©Ζ©Ά»IΆ»τϋΚIl
虑B
yDescription of
the Jarz
This
porcelain is thought to have been made in the early 1680 (19th year
of the Kangxi reign) when the imperial porcelain kilns were established. After the Revolt of the Three Feudatories
was suppressed in 1681 (20th year of the Kangxi reign), the domestic
politics in China began to get settled gradually and the Kangxi emperor got
enthusiastic about importing the Western culture. His preference to the Western
culture shows one of the aspects of his cultural policy; he intended to prevail
the Qing dynastyfs unique culture throughout China while he respected the Han
culture.
{iΝAGt―ΜΧΙΝAΰιΰεΚΙ©ηκι_oΏΘΩΗΜGt―ΝάΎΘ³κΔ’Θ’ͺAν`ΜtHͺΗAΤΑΆΝσΤπΖθΘͺηAoXDzu³κ½ΐΙTλΘΰΜΕ ιBζρ_»SΜΤFπΊnΙ΅ΔA»ΜγΙΗΘRogπ{ηΦ΅A_»ΕΔ½ίA³ΜRogΜFͺυςΜΘ’FΖΘθA»±ΙKXηΦπυΏΙ΅½ΤΑΆπ`’ΔAΜ[bpΜM°Ι¬s΅½xxbgΙhJ΅½ΤΏπ©₯νΙΔ»΅½ΰΜΕAΌmΆ»πΟΙIΙζθόκ½NΰιΜΣ―π»΅Δ’ιB
{iΈ绘ζI细节γΕ还vL珐ΰδΚγΒΘΕIί种_经质ΚI纤细BA₯
eνI`ΜρνΈΗCkDIzuΉΤΑ纹Iσ间½tC
实₯κρνTλIμ
iBR氧»铁I红FΕκCέγΚΘ优质I钴{ηΦCΔp[«I氧·R烧Cg΄
钴I蓝Fυ泽βcβc变¬όKFBR@pΰήηΦμ为υΏζγΤΑ纹Bc时έ’F贵
°k¬sIέV鹅绒γ绣γΤ纹I³fέ©αIνγΔ现ΉBΒΘΕoNκ€ι积极
IψόΌmΆ»IΣ识B
Although
this piece has no such delicate painting technique as seen in the falangcai porcelains
(also known as famille rose enameled porcelains), it
is very elegant because of its beautiful shape and the well positioned flower design
with a proper balance. Meanwhile, in
its manufacturing process, the cobalt blue glaze was adopted to its red ground
which contained ferric oxide (Fe2O3) pigment and then it was fired by oxidizing
flame at high temperature to change the original cobalt blue color into subdued
glossy black color. After this
first fire, the flower design was painted with the glass glaze on its glossy
black color ground and the porcelain was fired again at low temperature in
order to produce just like an embroidered velvet textile with flower design.
Such design was very popular among the aristocratic societies in Europe at that
time and it shows the thought of the Kangxi emperor who vigorously adopted the
Western culture.
€WΜqΝAυςΜ ιΰFπo·½ίΙAΑΚΙϊxΜ’ΰπ
Κ΅Δ’ιB
€α³I狮qC为ΉΚ显oΰFIυ泽CΑ别pΉ纯xI©ΰnΉϊϊκ层
FB
The
lion-shaped figure on the lid is covered with very thick gold of a high degree
of purity in order to produce the glossy golden color.
qΜαΜ`«ϋΝA€ΒΒΤQnΆri³43.6cmF @~ςLOΩA½}Π§
©₯εn46@΄Μ―qjΙ`©κ½nΜαΖή΅ANΰγΜΑFͺ ιB
狮qααΛIζ@@―€ΒΒΤQ马纹ri43.6cmCεU@~泽纪O馆C½}Π§
©αIεn46@΄γ―窑jζI马ακ样C₯Nκ€NγIΑFB
The
eyes of the lion are depicted in a similar way as in the case of the eyes of
the horse in the gVase with Design of Horses
Decorated in Doucai@i€Βj Enamels and Underglaze Blueh; which shows
the characteristics of the Kangxi
period.
iHeight 43.6cm: Umezawa Museum collections,
Emperor Kilns in the Qing Dynasty in the Ceramics Compendium Vol.46, published
by Heibonsha Limited, Publishers.j
κ IΜ©ηΩyͺ²Μζ€ΙΕΗΏΘδyͺmFΕ«ιB
ΈκΚIΜΕCΩy@―²σ纯CΒΘ确认C₯优质I岭yB
From
the unglazed clay of the base, snow-white kaolin of good quality is observed.
ε«³ΘΗ©ηlΆ΅ΔΰA»Ά·ιiΘΊΜnE©OΚiQΜjOΚΕΝ’EΕεΜΰΜΕ ιBά½€Vo
κ°ͺAΕγάΕϊo΅Θ©Α½RΝAwςV€γSxΙΰΰΎ³κΔ’ιζ€ΙAΕiΜ΅’π΅Δ’½½ίΕ ιB
Έε¬γΕC₯现έIOΚiΘΊIόKκ©OΚόKκiQj’EγΕεIκB―时C爱V觉罗κ°Ε@关头ηvL卖oIRA@―ςV图经γ说ΎI
κ样C₯φ为ν认为₯Ε级IμiB
Judging
from the size, this is the biggest piece in the world among the existing susancai (fOΚ) or three-color
enameled porcelains listed below which were overglazed
on black ground (famille noire) or yellow ground (famille jaune). The Aisin-Gioro
families would not have parted with this porcelain to the end since they had regarded
it as the best grade porcelain as mentioned in the Fengtian Illustrated Text.
y»Ά·ι΄©ϊΜfOΚ₯νz
y现ΆI΄©ϊfOΚαIνz
List
of the existing susancai
(fOΚ) or three-color
enameled porcelains produced during the Qing dynasty period:
@
fOΚΤΑΆϋri³48.3 cmj@ Fϊ{EoυόpΩ@
κ ΙΌΑΘ΅B
fOΚΤΑ纹ϋri48.3 cmj@εUFϊ{ oυό术馆
κwΚvLΌ铭B
Square vase
with flower design in susancai
enamels.
Height 48.3 cm.
Idemitsu Museum of
Arts, Japan.
Note: No reign mark on the base.
A
fOΚl¨Άϋα±iϋa@14.5cm~³14.8cmj
F§¨Ω
κ ΙεΎ¬»N»ΑέθB―qΜμiB
fOΚl¨纹ϋα±iϋa@14.5cm~14.8cmj
εUF东 §¨馆
κwΚLεΎ¬»N间§μ铭C―窑μiB
Square
planter with design of figures in susancai enamels.
Diameter
14.5 cm; height 48.3 cm.
Tokyo National Museum.
Note: Chenghua
mark and reign period, Ming dynasty, 1465-1487, is painted on the base. The
piece was made at a civil kiln.
B
fOΚOΚΆMiϋa25.0cmj@ F§¨Ω
@@κ ΙρdΰΙε΄NΰN»ΑB
fOΚOΚ纹Miϋa25.0cmj@εUF东 §¨馆
κwΚodΰLε΄Nκ€N§μ铭B
Dish with three kind of
fruits design in susancai
enamels.
Diameter 25.0 cm.
Tokyo National Museum.
Note: Kangxi mark and reign
period is painted within the double circles on the base.
C
fOΚ§€ͺpFi³17.8cmj
Fk@Μ{¨@
fOΚ§ͺpFi17.8cmj
εUFk Μ宫¨@
Octagonal
incense burner with open work design in susancai enamels.
Height
17.8 cm.
National
Palace Museum, Beijing.
D
nάΚΤΑΆϋri³49.2cmj
FCleveland Museum, Cleveland
όKκάΚΤΑ纹ϋri49.2cmj
εUFό’v兰 ’v兰¨馆
Square
vase with flower design in famille verte enamels on black ground.
Height
49.2 cm.
The Cleveland
Museum of Art, Cleveland, U.S.A.
E
©nfOΚΤΉΆri³77.8 cmj@ Fϊ{E~ςLOΩ
@@κ ΙρdΰΙά}ΤΜGB
©nfOΚΤ鸟纹ri77.8 cmj@εUFϊ{ ~泽纪O馆
κwΚodΰLά}Τ绘B
Vase
with flower and bird design in susancai enamels on yellow ground.
Height
77.8 cm.
Umezawa Kinenkan Museum, Japan.
Note: A flower sprays design is painted within
the double circles on the base.
F@©nfOΚΤΉo¨ri³51.6.cmj@ FVictoria and Albert Museum, London
©κfOΚΤ鸟o¨ri51.6.cmj εUF伦Φ 维½亚E罗Α¨馆
Vase with two handles
decorated with flower and bird design in susancai enamels on yellow ground.
Height 77.8 cm.
Victoria and Albert
Museum, London.
G@fOΚ@rΆp`rEiΏΑ―q@ρΞ@@ FxmόpΩ
AA³@47.7cmAϋa@11.5cmA·14.4cm~14.5cmAκa@11.2cm~11.4cm
BA³@47.7cmAϋa@12.0cmA·14.4cm~14.5cmAκa@11.0cm~11.1cm
κ ΙΝAlpΙνθρΕΒΤΕuΨΜtvπ`«A±ΜͺΎ―{ηΦ΅Δ’ιB
fOΚ莲rΆp`rEiϊΊ镇―窑@两对@@εUFxmό术馆
AF@47.7cmAϋa@11.5cmArΜ14.4cm~14.5cmAκΚΌa@11.2cm~11.4cm
BF@47.7cmAϋa@12.0cmArΜ14.4cm~14.5cmAκΚΌa@11.0cm~11.1cm
κwΚCζ
νlpIΒΤgΨhCόL这ͺ₯{ηΦ§μIB
A pair of famille noire square vases with lotus pond design.
Jingdezhen imperial
kilns.
Tokyo Fuji Art
Museum.
A: Height 47.7 cm,
diameter 11.5 cm, body 14.4 cm~14.5 cm, bottom 11.2cm~11.4 cm
B: Height 47.7 cm,
diameter 12.0 cm, body 14.4 cm~14.5 cm, bottom 11.0cm~11.1 cm
Note: A leaf is painted in cobalt blue on the
incised square base before adopting glaze to it.
@@
@@iΤQQV@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@w€γSxΜLΪ